History of Educational Technology and ICT Revolution

Jean C. Cotamora                             

Author

CONTENT:        

To better understand and appreciate what we have now, it is important for us to consider and dig the past. 

0399 BCE – Purely inquiry & the Socratic Method; through the use of questioning

1774 – 1875 - Learning sequence & object-teaching; it focused on the natural growth of the mind. It employsPestalozzian principles which emphasized breaking content down into sequences with a teacher-centered approach. 

1806 – 1853 - Affordable education; back then there were notions of free public school. Social status often indicated whether individuals had access to education. 

1852 – 1892- Distance education; this doesn’t mean “online learning”; stenograph and post office opened up opportunities to develop correspondence courses. 

1867 – 1875 - Object teaching the Quincy methods; the teacher was still considered the sole source of knowledge, however there was a variation of object-teaching that was employed in Quincy, Massachusetts. Students learned through sensory active processes, learning by doing. 

1889 – 1892 - Method of apperception; there were identified levels of learning, among were: (1) sensory activity; (2) reproduction of already existing ideas; and (3) assimilating the new concept with the old concept. This was a teacher-centered approach where the teacher has prepared questions and answers that they used to impart knowledge.

1910 – 1923- Visual instruction; motion picture projector is an instructional media device used in schools to incorporate films, slides, and photographs for use in instruction. 

1939 – Audio-visual instruction &World War II. There was a need for mass instruction (training) for the military and the advent of audiovisual technology resulted in an impact on educational technology. 

1950 – 1965 - Instructional TV& programmed instruction; used teacher-centered broadcasting of teachers lecturing. Programmed instructional materials could increase self-paced learning through sequential content presentation, questioning techniques, and immediate feedback. 

1981 - IBM introduces pc; IBM releases the first Personal Computer. 

1982 – 1985 - Satellite TV systems

1989 – 1993 -Tim Berners-Lee developed the World Wide Web.

1995 - WARD CUNNIGHAM: The first wiki was created. 

1998 - International Society for Technology Education (ISTE) recognizes the influences technology has on education and developed National Education Technology Standards (NETS). 

2005 – 2012 – Emergence of Learning Management Systems; LMS platforms provide interactive software and online tools, such as discussion boards and dropboxes, to support instructional methods.

2007 – 2012 - Participatory journalism; allowing readers worldwide to comment and participate in news has a major impact on society and educational technology because reading and discussion becomes more than a process limited to a small audience within the walls of the classroom.

2007 - Flip video camera is introduced as an affordable digital camcorder. Videos impact educational technology because students can create videos as performance assessments. 

2008 – 2012 -Khan Academy has impacted educational technology because content/courseware is open-source and available to anyone. 

2008 – 2012 – Emergence of Edmodo. It is an example of how teachers in traditional classrooms can integrate anytime, anywhere learning to promote collaboration in a secure environment. 

2010 – 2012 – 21stcentury tablet; Apple has impacted the field of educational technology by opening up iTunesU and iBook Author, which curates current content and allows easy creation of interactive books and content.

EXPERIENCE:

                 Way back in high school, our teachers did not use any digital technology in teaching. There was never even encouragement to use computers or the Internet to learn more not until my latter years. Today, it would be impossible for me to pass any of my subjects without consulting the Internet for further and easier elaboration of difficult lessons. Back then I never really have cared of how much computer technology has grown. I can now differentiate the mode of teaching yesterday and now. When I was in elementary teaching is teacher-centered, there were few times when my teachers would give student-centered activities. My early years in high school were somewhat similar to my elementary years but there were changes in the latter years. There was already slight integration of educational technology. This could only accounted to the evolving educational technology.

REFLECTION:

                I can still remember what my high school teacher told me, she said “the first computer is the abacus.” Well, it safe to say then that computers were primarily made for computing purposes. However now, computers are more than just computing devices most especially in education. It is important for any teacher to look back and reflect on how much technology has grown. The knowledge that the teacher would obtain from doing that would help him/her teach accordingly, he/she will try not be retroactive by employing the traditional way of teaching but be someone who teaches with the newest trend in educational technology and employ more “student-centered” approaches.

APPLICATION:

                Later, I will exert an effort in applying the newest approaches and strategies in teaching. I will integrate technology in my teaching not just for the reason of improving my instruction but to bring my students to the generation. I will try not to be retroactive but instead makes use of what’s new and be dynamic. I should not stop learning; I must go with the flow.

Lesson 9: Computers as Information and Communication Technology

Jean C. Cotamora BSEG General Science 4                                 

Author

 

CONTENT:

                Computer has really played a very significant role in educational technology and the most indispensable tool for ICT revolution. Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) was introduced as an approach which promotes individualize learning. Information technology is so dynamic that computers used as computing devices are now used in the educative process. It serves two major functions: communication media and audiovisual media.

 

Communication media – Computers serve as communication tool. Internet has paved the way for this to happen. Email, chat rooms, blog sites, news services, and movies/music/television room are just some of the avenue for communication.

Audiovisual media - Computers served as media for multimedia applications for better teaching inside the classroom, such multimedia are text, sound, graphics, chart, photos, and PowerPoint presentation. Educational websites where learners could log into and learned has also emerged. Not only that it helped improved teaching and learning process but also other institutional functioning such as accounting.

                What is the difference between instructional media and educational communication media? The audio-visual aids that served to enhance and enrich the teaching and learning process are referred as instructional media. Examples are blackboard, photo, film, and video. On the other hand educational communication media is comprised of media of communication, such as prints, films, radio, television or satellites. These two upon the advent of the microprocessor which also known as personal computer, merged. This is because with personal computers, any learner can use it as tool for both audio-visual creations and media communication.

                The following are some of the programs installed in a personal computer:

·         Microsoft Office – Program for composing text, graphics, etc.

·         PowerPoint – For presentation

·         Excel – Spreadsheet application

·         Internet explorer – Access to Internet

·         Yahoo or Google – Websites for researching, chatting, blogging etc.

·         Adobe Reader – Graphics/photo composing and editing

·         MSN – Mailing/chatting/messaging

·         Windows Media Player – CD/VCD player, video playing

·         Gamehouse – gaming

 

EXPERIENCE:

                I can still remember my reason why I wanted my father to buy computer when I was young, and that was for gaming only. I never really have thought there was so much to computer than just being a tool for entertainment. Now, my computer is now is very important because it is my tool in making some requirements. There was a little emphasis on the use and the usage of computer when I was yet in elementary and high school (although I have computer classes back then). Making reports, making PowerPoint presentation, editing picture, making multimedia projects, and many more are some of the stuffs in do with my personal computer.

REFLECTION:

                It is important to note that computer is more than just a computing device; in education, it is so much more than just that. It is important for a teacher to be knowledgeable of the different applications of computer. With the knowledge of it, the teacher can extend the wings of teaching and learning process. There are more gates of learning that can be open. Avenues of skill development are made available through computers so it is important for teachers to employ CAI.

APPLICATION:

               

computer used in the teaching and learning process

                In my teaching later, I will employ CAI. I will exert an effort in learning more about computers so that better assist and facilitate in the learning of my students. Even if I am going to teach science (most likely), I believe that the Internet can provide what’s lacking in my teaching. I will try to deviate from the traditional mode of teaching and employ student-centered approaches with the help of computers; I can makes use of Inquiry-based approach to stimulate and initiate learning in my students.

Lesson 8: Higher Thinking Skills Through IT-Based Projects

Jean C. Cotamora BSED General Science 4                         Author

Creating is the highest level of thinking

Here's a link to project-based approach https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMCZvGesRz8 

CONTENT:

This lesson focuses on the four types of IT-based projects that effectively to develop higher level of thinking. These projects makes use of constructivist approach in instruction. Furthermore, these projects contains the key elements of a constructivist approach namely: (a) the teacher creating the learning environment; (b) the teacher giving students the tools and facilities; and (c) the teacher facilitating the learning. It is the students who demonstrate higher level of thinking and creativity. These creativity projects can be achieved with the help of teachers equipped with the technical skills.  The following projects are tools in initiating them.

Resource-based Projects – Here, the teacher shifts from the sole source of information. Instead, the students generate their own meaning and facts. However, the teacher is still in the process. The teacher determines the topic and presents the problem, then, the students search for information about the problem and organize information to answer/solve the problem. In here, the students are encouraged to go beyond the book. Inquiry-based or discovery approach is given much emphasis in resource-based projects. It is the process that is given much emphasis than the product.

                Simple Creations – Students creativity is tested here. Creativity here connotes planning, making, assembling, designing or building. It is a combination of the following skills: (a) analyzing – ability to distinguish differences and similarities; (b) synthesizing – ability to make connections among ideas; and (c) promoting – ability to sell new ideas. In order to develop creativity, the following tasks may be done: (a) define the task – set up goals to complete the project; (b) brainstorm – students generate their own ideas; (c) judge the ideas – students decide which “idea” is good, what to include and what to exclude; (d) act – students do the work; and (e) adopt flexibility – students are allowed to shift or to change paths for the better.

 

Guided Hypermedia Projects – This refers to self-made projects. It could be approached as an instructive way such as making of PowerPoint presentation or as a communicative tool such as when students make multimedia presentations.

Web-based Projects – Here, students create and post their own webpages.

EXPERIENCE:

Adobe photoshop editing

                During Edtech 1, we were required to make a movie to test whether we have learned how to use Cyberlink Powerdirector and submit an edited picture as a learning outcome of Adobe Photoshop. We were also required to make PowerPoint presentation demonstrating and employing the principles of effective PowerPoint presentation. Our professor served as an instructor and facilitator monitoring our learning. We were given chances to express our ideas and make an output of it.

REFLECTION:

                In this information age, the 3 R’s are no longer sufficient to meet the demand of the world. There is indeed the need in the development and acquiring of the six skills. It is important to have all of them because absence of one affects all. The teacher must give IT-based projects and activities that develops higher level of thinking of the students. The teacher must bear in mind that in employing IT-based projects, the teacher must act as facilitator not the sole source of information. The teacher must develop creativity in students. 

APPLICATION:

                 As a future teacher, I must be the catalyst for the development of higher level of thinking. I must provide the conducive learning environment. I must be a facilitator of learning and not the sole source of information. My sources must be varied; I should make use of the Internet, print materials, and multimedia materials. I must employ inquiry-based approach to stimulate my students in learning and bring up their ideas. I must not only focus on the output, rather on the process in how my students would do it so my assessment must be both qualitative and quantitative.